The Year of Our Lord 1956

Bishop Events

July to August

Date Age Event Bishop Title Current Title

1 Jul 26.0 Ordained Priest Raúl Corriveau, P.M.E. Priest of Société des Missions-Étrangères Bishop Emeritus of Choluteca, Honduras

26.6 Ordained Priest Antônio de Souza, C.S.S. Priest of Congregation of the Sacred Stigmata Bishop Emeritus of Assis, Sao Paulo, Brazil

Born Antonio De Luca, C.SS.R. Bishop of Teggiano-Policastro, Italy

28.6 Ordained Priest José Antônio do Couto, S.C.I. † Priest of Congregation of the Priests of the Sacred Heart Bishop Emeritus of Taubaté, Sao Paulo, Brazil

24.2 Ordained Priest António dos Santos † Priest of Aveiro, Portugal Bishop Emeritus of Guarda, Portugal

2 Jul 26.0 Ordained Priest Alfredo Ernest Novak, C.SS.R. † Priest of Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer Bishop Emeritus of Paranaguá, Parana, Brazil

4 Jul Born Julito Buhisan Cortes Bishop of Dumaguete, Philippines

48.0 Appointed André-Pierre Duirat, S.M.A. † Bishop of Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire Bishop Emeritus

55.9 Appointed Jean Marie Etrillard, S.M.A. † Bishop of Gagnoa, Côte d’Ivoire Bishop Emeritus

49.6 Appointed Jérôme-Théodore Lingenheim, S.M.A. † Bishop of Sokodé, Togo Bishop Emeritus

51.0 Appointed Edward Aloysius McGurkin, M.M. † Bishop of Shinyanga, Tanzania Bishop Emeritus

38.6 Appointed Pierre-Eugène Rouanet, S.M.A. † Bishop of Daloa, Côte d’Ivoire Bishop Emeritus

51.4 Appointed David Maryanayagam Swamidoss Pillat, S.D.B. † Bishop of Vellore, India

5 Jul Born Juan Ignacio González Errázuriz Bishop of San Bernardo, Chile

6 Jul 41.3 Appointed Adolph Marx † Auxiliary Bishop of Corpus Christi, Texas, USA Bishop of Brownsville, Texas, USA

41.3 Appointed Adolph Marx † Titular Bishop of Citrus Bishop of Brownsville, Texas, USA

Born Yosyf Milan, M.S.U. Auxiliary Bishop of Kyiv-Halyč {Kiev} (Ukrainian), Ukraine

8 Jul 26.6 Ordained Priest John (Jack) Brewer † Priest of Shrewsbury, England, Great Britain Bishop of Lancaster, England, Great Britain

24.1 Ordained Priest John Jerome Cunneen † Priest of Christchurch, New Zealand Bishop Emeritus

50.7 Ordained Bishop Argimiro Alvaro García Rodríguez, O.F.M. Cap. † Titular Bishop of Coropissus Vicar Apostolic Emeritus of Tucupita, Venezuela

28.5 Ordained Priest Bruno Kouamé Priest Bishop Emeritus of Abengourou, Côte d’Ivoire

26.1 Ordained Priest Paolo Lunardon, O.S.B. † Priest of Order of Saint Benedict Abbot Emeritus of San Paolo fuori le Mura, Italy

25.8 Ordained Priest Michael Mary O’Shea, O.S.M. † Priest of Order of Friar Servants of Mary Vicar Apostolic of Ingwavuma, South Africa

23.8 Ordained Priest Pedro Rubiano Sàenz Priest of Cali, Colombia Cardinal, Archbishop Emeritus of Bogotá, Colombia

42.6 Appointed José Vázquez Díaz, O. de M. † Coadjutor Prelate of Bom Jesus do Piauí, Piaui, Brazil Bishop Emeritus of Bom Jesus do Gurguéia, Piaui, Brazil

42.6 Appointed José Vázquez Díaz, O. de M. † Titular Bishop of Usula Bishop Emeritus of Bom Jesus do Gurguéia, Piaui, Brazil

39.3 Ordained Bishop Dieudonné Yougbaré † Bishop of Koupéla, Burkina Faso Bishop Emeritus

9 Jul Born François-Xavier Yombandje Bishop Emeritus of Bossangoa, Central African Republic

11 Jul 74.5 Resigned Raimundo María Julián Manguán-Martín y Delgado, O.P. † Apostolic Administrator of El Petén, Guatemala Bishop Emeritus of Verapaz, Cobán, Guatemala

Appointed Gabriel Viñamata Castelsagué, I.E.M.E. † Apostolic Administrator of El Petén, Guatemala

13 Jul Born Buenaventura Malayo Famadico Bishop of San Pablo, Philippines

55.8 Appointed Lawrence Alexander Glenn † Auxiliary Bishop of Duluth, Minnesota, USA Bishop Emeritus of Crookston, Minnesota, USA

55.8 Appointed Lawrence Alexander Glenn † Titular Bishop of Tuscamia Bishop Emeritus of Crookston, Minnesota, USA

69.8 Appointed Joseph Godehard Machens † Archbishop (Personal Title) of Hildesheim, Germany Bishop

33.1 Ordained Priest Manuel Prado Perez-Rosas, S.J. † Priest of Society of Jesus Archbishop Emeritus of Trujillo, Peru

14 Jul Born Franz Lackner, O.F.M. Archbishop of Salzburg, Austria

15 Jul Born Juan de la Cruz Barros Madrid Bishop Emeritus of Osorno, Chile

23.0 Ordained Priest Francesco De Nittis † Priest Apostolic Nuncio Emeritus to Uruguay

28.3 Ordained Priest Georg Eder † Priest of Salzburg, Austria Archbishop Emeritus

24.5 Ordained Priest Cipriano García Fernández, O.S.A. Priest of Order of St. Augustine Prelate Emeritus of Cafayate, Argentina

24.8 Ordained Priest Oscar Hugh Lipscomb Priest of Mobile-Birmingham, Alabama, USA Archbishop Emeritus of Mobile, Alabama, USA

25.2 Ordained Priest Sergio Sebastiani Priest Cardinal, President Emeritus of the Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See

38.7 Ordained Bishop Francisco de Borja Valenzuela Ríos † Titular Bishop of Aegeae Bishop Emeritus of Valparaíso, Chile

16 Jul 54.3 Appointed André-Jacques Fougerat † Coadjutor Bishop of Grenoble, France Bishop Emeritus

54.3 Appointed André-Jacques Fougerat † Titular Bishop of Caesarea in Mauretania Bishop Emeritus of Grenoble, France

17 Jul 54.7 Appointed Francis Edward Hyland † Bishop of Atlanta, Georgia, USA Bishop Emeritus

Born Léon Kalenga Badikebele Apostolic Nuncio to Argentina

Born Michael George Mabuga Msonganzila Bishop of Musoma, Tanzania

18 Jul 55.6 Appointed John Farmer Healy † Bishop of Gibraltar

Born Enrico Solmi Bishop of Parma (-Fontevivo), Italy

Born Camillus Raymond Umoh Bishop of Ikot Ekpene, Nigeria

20 Jul 41.1 Appointed Stephen John Kocisko † Auxiliary Bishop of Pittsburgh (Ruthenian), Pennsylvania, USA Archbishop Emeritus of Pittsburgh (Ruthenian), Pennsylvania, USA

41.1 Appointed Stephen John Kocisko † Titular Bishop of Theveste Archbishop Emeritus of Pittsburgh (Ruthenian), Pennsylvania, USA

44.3 Appointed Joseph Parecattil † Archbishop of Ernakulam (Syro-Malabar), India Cardinal, Archbishop Emeritus

43.9 Appointed Joseph Michael Schmondiuk † Auxiliary Bishop of United States of America (Ukrainian), Pennsylvania Archbishop of Philadelphia (Ukrainian), Pennsylvania, USA

43.9 Appointed Joseph Michael Schmondiuk † Titular Bishop of Zeugma in Syria Archbishop of Philadelphia (Ukrainian), Pennsylvania, USA

53.4 Appointed Ambrozij Andrew Senyshyn, O.S.B.M. † Apostolic Exarch of Stamford (Ukrainian), USA Archbishop of Philadelphia (Ukrainian), Pennsylvania, USA

21 Jul 27.0 Ordained Priest Léon Lesambo Ndamwize Priest of Inongo, Congo (Dem. Rep.) Bishop Emeritus of Inongo, Congo (Dem. Rep.)

27.9 Ordained Priest Geoffrey Francis Mayne † Priest of Sydney, Australia Bishop Emeritus of Australia, Military

22 Jul Born Basilio Athai Archbishop of Taunggyi, Myanmar

25.6 Ordained Priest Ronald Austin Mulkearns † Priest of Melbourne, Australia Bishop Emeritus of Ballarat, Australia

37.7 Appointed Hugo Eduardo Polanco Brito † Bishop of Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic Bishop Emeritus of Nuestra Señora de la Altagracia en Higüey, Dominican Republic

47.5 Appointed Tomás Francisco Reilly, C.SS.R. † Prelate of San Juan de la Maguana, Dominican Republic Bishop Emeritus of San Juan de la Maguana, Dominican Republic

47.5 Appointed Tomás Francisco Reilly, C.SS.R. † Titular Bishop of Themisonium Bishop Emeritus of San Juan de la Maguana, Dominican Republic

24 Jul Born Jorge Anibal Quintero Chacón Bishop of Barcelona, Venezuela

25 Jul 51.9 Ordained Bishop John Joseph Carberry † Titular Bishop of Elis Cardinal, Archbishop Emeritus of Saint Louis, Missouri, USA

27 Jul 28.6 Ordained Priest Raymond Razakarinvony Priest Bishop Emeritus of Miarinarivo, Madagascar

28 Jul 46.4 Appointed Bernardo Leonardo Fey Schneider, C.SS.R. † Coadjutor Bishop of Potosí, Bolivia Bishop Emeritus

45.2 Appointed Jorge Manrique Hurtado † Bishop of Oruro, Bolivia Archbishop Emeritus of La Paz, Bolivia

88.4 Died Bernard Cornelius O’Riley † Vicar Apostolic Emeritus of Cape of Good Hope, Western District {Capo di Buona Speranza, Distretto Occidentale}, South Africa

34.8 Ordained Priest Victor Razafimahatratra, S.J. † Priest of Society of Jesus Cardinal, Archbishop of Antananarivo, Madagascar

41.5 Appointed Luis Aníbal Rodríguez Pardo † Coadjutor Bishop of Cochabamba, Bolivia Archbishop Emeritus of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia

41.5 Appointed Luis Aníbal Rodríguez Pardo † Titular Bishop of Gergis Archbishop Emeritus of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia

29 Jul 39.9 Ordained Bishop Fiorenzo Angelini † Titular Bishop of Messene Cardinal, President Emeritus of the Pontifical Council for Pastoral Assistance to Health Care Workers

52.0 Appointed Matthew Kavukattu † Archbishop of Changanacherry (Syro-Malabar), India

Born Jorge Alberto Ossa Soto Bishop of Santa Rosa de Osos, Colombia

Born Gilberto Pastana de Oliveira Bishop of Crato, Ceara, Brazil

52.6 Appointed Matthew Pothanamuzhi † Bishop of Kothamangalam (Syro-Malabar), India Bishop Emeritus

Born José Soares Filho, O.F.M. Cap. Bishop Emeritus of Carolina, Maranhão, Brazil

27.3 Ordained Priest Leo Joseph White † Priest of Order of Friars Minor Capuchin Prefect Emeritus of Garissa, Kenya

30 Jul 39.3 Appointed José Pedro da Silva † Auxiliary Bishop of Lisboa {Lisbon}, Portugal Bishop Emeritus of Viseu, Portugal

39.3 Appointed José Pedro da Silva † Titular Bishop of Thiava Bishop Emeritus of Viseu, Portugal

Born Georg Gänswein Prefect of the Prefecture of the Papal Household

31 Jul Appointed Luís Eduardo García Rodríguez, M.X.Y. † Prefect of Arauca, Colombia Prefect Emeritus

81.5 Died John Francis Noll † Bishop of Fort Wayne, Indiana, USA

79.2 Died Ferdinand Stanislaus Pawlikowski † Bishop Emeritus of Seckau, Austria

Appointed Emiliano Pied, S.M.M. † Prefect of Vichada, Colombia

Born Ricardo Orlando Seirutti García Auxiliary Bishop of Córdoba, Argentina

1 Aug 79.5 Died José de Haas, O.F.M. † Bishop of Araçuaí (Arassuaí), Minas Gerais, Brazil

2 Aug 51.3 Appointed Francis-Albert Bougon † Bishop of Moulins, France Bishop Emeritus

37.3 Appointed José Alí Lebrún Moratinos † Auxiliary Bishop of Maracaibo, Venezuela Cardinal, Archbishop Emeritus of Caracas, Santiago de Venezuela

37.3 Appointed José Alí Lebrún Moratinos † Titular Bishop of Aradus Cardinal, Archbishop Emeritus of Caracas, Santiago de Venezuela

Born Josep Ángel Sáiz Meneses Bishop of Terrassa, Spain

3 Aug 52.3 Appointed Dante Battaglierin, S.X. † Bishop of Khulna, Bangladesh Bishop Emeritus

55.9 Appointed Hubert James Cartwright † Coadjutor Bishop of Wilmington, Delaware, USA

55.9 Appointed Hubert James Cartwright † Titular Bishop of Neve (Nebo) Coadjutor Bishop of Wilmington, Delaware, USA

42.8 Appointed Ismaele Mario Castellano, O.P. † Titular Archbishop of Colossae Archbishop Emeritus of Siena-Colle di Val d’Elsa-Montalcino, Italy

42.8 Resigned Ismaele Mario Castellano, O.P. † Bishop of Volterra, Italy Archbishop Emeritus of Siena-Colle di Val d’Elsa-Montalcino, Italy

78.7 Appointed Antonio Giordani † Titular Archbishop of Larissa in Thessalia

51.3 Appointed Joseph Streidt † Auxiliary Bishop of Wien {Vienna}, Austria

51.3 Appointed Joseph Streidt † Titular Bishop of Macri Auxiliary Bishop of Wien {Vienna}, Austria

4 Aug 46.4 Appointed José Bezerra Coutinho † Auxiliary Bishop of Sobral, Ceara, Brazil Bishop Emeritus of Estância, Sergipe, Brazil

46.4 Appointed José Bezerra Coutinho † Titular Bishop of Uthina Bishop Emeritus of Estância, Sergipe, Brazil

75.6 Died Edouard-Gabriel Mesguen † Bishop of Poitiers, France

54.2 Succeeded Henri-Louis-Toussaint Vion † Bishop of Poitiers, France Bishop Emeritus

5 Aug 78.8 Died Wilhelm Stockums † Auxiliary Bishop of Köln {Cologne}, Germany

6 Aug 50.4 Appointed John William Comber, M.M. † Superior General of Catholic Foreign Mission Society of America Superior General Emeritus

62.5 Resigned Raymond Aloysius Lane, M.M. † Superior General of Catholic Foreign Mission Society of America Superior General Emeritus

7 Aug 44.2 Appointed Celestin Bezmalinovic, O.P. † Auxiliary Bishop of Hvar (-Brac e Vis), Croatia Bishop Emeritus

44.2 Appointed Celestin Bezmalinovic, O.P. † Titular Bishop of Hadrumetum Bishop Emeritus of Hvar (-Brac e Vis), Croatia

Born Benyamin Yosef Bria † Bishop of Denpasar, Indonesia

9 Aug 50.4 Appointed Paul-Joseph Hoffer, S. M. † Superior General of Society of Mary Superior General Emeritus

42.4 Appointed Pierre Kimbondo † Auxiliary Bishop of Kisantu, Congo (Dem. Rep.) Bishop Emeritus of Kisantu, Congo (Dem. Rep.)

42.4 Appointed Pierre Kimbondo † Titular Bishop of Sebela Bishop Emeritus of Kisantu, Congo (Dem. Rep.)

31.2 Ordained Priest François Xavier Nguyên Quang Sách † Priest Bishop Emeritus of Ðà Nẵng, Viet Nam

10 Aug 33.0 Ordained Priest Philip Ekka, S.J. † Priest of Society of Jesus Bishop Emeritus of Raipur, India

Born Antoine Henry Pierre Marie Hérouard Auxiliary Bishop of Lille, France

Born Selvister Ponnumuthan Bishop of Punalur, India

11 Aug 68.0 Appointed Enrique Delgado y Gómez † Archbishop of Pamplona (-Tudela), Spain Archbishop Emeritus

44.4 Appointed Mario Di Lieto † Auxiliary Bishop of Ascoli Satriano e Cerignola, Italy Bishop Emeritus of Cerignola-Ascoli Satriano, Italy

44.4 Appointed Mario Di Lieto † Titular Bishop of Hirina Bishop Emeritus of Cerignola-Ascoli Satriano, Italy

12 Aug Born Valter Dario Maggi Bishop Emeritus of Ibarra, Ecuador

67.2 Died Joseph-Paul Futy, M.S. † Vicar Apostolic Emeritus of Antsirabé, Madagascar

23.6 Ordained Priest Tarcisio Giovanni Nazzaro, O.S.B. † Priest of Order of Saint Benedict Abbot Emeritus of Montevergine, Italy

44.7 Ordained Bishop Adolfo Servando Tortolo † Titular Bishop of Caeciri Archbishop Emeritus of Paraná, Argentina

13 Aug 69.7 Died José Selva e Amaral, S.D.B. † Prelate of Registro do Araguaia, Brazil

14 Aug 69.9 Died Joseph Godehard Machens † Bishop of Hildesheim, Germany

15 Aug 40.1 Ordained Bishop Adalberto Almeida y Merino † Bishop of Tulancingo, Hidalgo, México Archbishop Emeritus of Chihuahua, México

18.2 Professed Aquilino Bocos Merino, C.M.F. Member of Missionary Sons of the Immaculate Heart of Mary Cardinal, Superior General Emeritus

22.9 Solemn Vows Vartan Kechichian, C.A.M. † Member of Congregazione Mechitarista di Venezia Coadjutor Ordinary Emeritus of Eastern Europe {Europa Orientale} (Armenian)

27.9 Ordained Priest John Liu Shingong (Shigong) † Priest Bishop of Jining [Tsining], China

46.6 Ordained Bishop Ramón J. Lizardi † Titular Bishop of Assava Auxiliary Bishop of Caracas, Santiago de Venezuela

29.0 Ordained Priest Hans Ludvig Martensen, S.J. † Priest of Society of Jesus Bishop Emeritus of København {Copenhagen}, Denmark

19.1 Professed André Richard, C.S.C. Member of Congregation of Holy Cross Archbishop Emeritus of Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada

16 Aug 18.1 First Vows Angelo Amato, S.D.B. Member of Salesians of Saint John Bosco Cardinal, Prefect Emeritus of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints

17 Aug Born László Varga Bishop of Kaposvár, Hungary

18 Aug Born Godfrey Igwebuike Onah Bishop of Nsukka, Nigeria

Born Ángel Javier Pérez Pueyo Bishop of Barbastro-Monzón, Spain

Born José Rojas Rojas, Jr. Bishop of Libmanan, Philippines

43.3 Appointed Rafael Valladares y Argumedo † Auxiliary Bishop of San Salvador, El Salvador

43.3 Appointed Rafael Valladares y Argumedo † Titular Bishop of Curubis Auxiliary Bishop of San Salvador, El Salvador

Born Rainer Maria Woelki Cardinal, Archbishop of Köln {Cologne}, Germany

19 Aug 57.4 Died Bernard William Griffin † Cardinal, Archbishop of Westminster, England, Great Britain

20 Aug 43.5 Appointed Henry Charles Byrne, S.S.C.M.E. † Prelate of Iba, Philippines Bishop Emeritus of Iba, Philippines

43.5 Appointed Henry Charles Byrne, S.S.C.M.E. † Titular Bishop of Lamia Bishop Emeritus of Iba, Philippines

43.7 Appointed Odilo Etspueler, S.V.D. † Prelate of Bangued, Philippines Bishop Emeritus of Bangued, Philippines

43.7 Appointed Odilo Etspueler, S.V.D. † Titular Bishop of Fata Bishop Emeritus of Bangued, Philippines

Born Manuel Nin, O.S.B. Apostolic Exarch of Greece (Greek)

44.0 Appointed Juan Callanta Sison † Coadjutor Archbishop of Nueva Segovia, Philippines Archbishop

44.0 Appointed Juan Callanta Sison † Titular Archbishop of Nicopsis Archbishop of Nueva Segovia, Philippines

21 Aug 83.4 Appointed Giovanni Iacono † Titular Archbishop of Mocissus Bishop Emeritus of Caltanissetta, Italy

83.4 Retired Giovanni Iacono † Bishop of Caltanissetta, Italy Bishop Emeritus

65.2 Died Wilhelm Weskamm † Bishop of Berlin, Germany

22 Aug 52.0 Installed John Joseph Carberry † Coadjutor Bishop of Lafayette in Indiana, USA Cardinal, Archbishop Emeritus of Saint Louis, Missouri, USA

54.2 Ordained Bishop Jesús Serrano Pastor, C.M.F. † Titular Bishop of Hypselis Vicar Apostolic Emeritus of Darién, Panama

24 Aug 47.8 Ordained Bishop Carlos María Cafferata † Titular Bishop of Chersonesus in Europa Bishop of San Luis, Argentina

48.6 Appointed John Patrick Cody † Coadjutor Bishop of Kansas City-Saint Joseph, Missouri, USA Cardinal, Archbishop of Chicago, Illinois, USA

48.4 Appointed Charles Herman Helmsing † Bishop of Springfield-Cape Girardeau, Missouri, USA Bishop Emeritus of Kansas City-Saint Joseph, Missouri, USA

54.3 Ordained Bishop Roger André Marcel Johan † Bishop of Agen, France Bishop Emeritus

72.7 Appointed Charles Hubert Le Blond † Titular Bishop of Orcistus Bishop Emeritus of Saint Joseph, Missouri, USA

72.7 Resigned Charles Hubert Le Blond † Bishop of Saint Joseph, Missouri, USA Bishop Emeritus

51.9 Appointed Joseph Mary Marling, C.Pp.S. † Bishop of Jefferson City, Missouri, USA Bishop Emeritus

74.9 Appointed Edwin Vincent O’Hara † Archbishop (Personal Title) of Kansas City-Saint Joseph, Missouri, USA Bishop

45.1 Ordained Bishop Francisco Juan Vénnera † Titular Bishop of Abitinae Bishop Emeritus of San Nicolás de los Arroyos, Argentina

25 Aug Born Augustine Obiora Akubeze Archbishop of Benin City, Nigeria

Born Robert Brahm Auxiliary Bishop of Trier, Germany

26 Aug Born Peter Joseph Hundt Archbishop of Saint John’s, Newfoundland, Canada

24.4 Ordained Priest Arthur Luysterman Priest of Gent {Ghent, Gand}, Belgium Bishop Emeritus

29.0 Ordained Priest Albert Joseph Tsiahoana † Priest of Diégo-Suarez, Madagascar Archbishop Emeritus of Antsiranana, Madagascar

28 Aug 43.2 Ordained Bishop Philip Matthew Hannan † Titular Bishop of Hieropolis Archbishop Emeritus of New Orleans, Louisiana, USA

Born Fidelis Rakotonarivo, S.J. Bishop of Ambositra, Madagascar

29 Aug 48.0 Installed James Joseph Byrne † Bishop of Boise City, Idaho, USA Archbishop Emeritus of Dubuque, Iowa, USA

Born Román Casanova Casanova Bishop of Vic, Spain

30 Aug 16.2 Professed Wilhelm Emil Egger, O.F.M. Cap. † Member of Order of Friars Minor Capuchin Bishop of Bolzano-Bressanone {Bozen-Brixen}, Italy

89.3 Died Paul-Marie-Joseph Julliotte, SS.CC. † Prefect Emeritus of Hainan [Hainan], China

31 Aug 85.8 Died James J. Roche † Bishop of Cloyne, Ireland

Born Julius Sullan Tonel Bishop of Ipil, Philippines

Date	Age	Event	Bishop	Title	Current Title
1 Jul	26.0	Ordained Priest	Raúl Corriveau, P.M.E.	Priest of Société des Missions-Étrangères	Bishop Emeritus of Choluteca, Honduras
26.6	Ordained Priest	Antônio de Souza, C.S.S.	Priest of Congregation of the Sacred Stigmata	Bishop Emeritus of Assis, Sao Paulo, Brazil
	Born	Antonio De Luca, C.SS.R.		Bishop of Teggiano-Policastro, Italy
28.6	Ordained Priest	José Antônio do Couto, S.C.I. †	Priest of Congregation of the Priests of the Sacred Heart	Bishop Emeritus of Taubaté, Sao Paulo, Brazil
24.2	Ordained Priest	António dos Santos †	Priest of Aveiro, Portugal	Bishop Emeritus of Guarda, Portugal
2 Jul	26.0	Ordained Priest	Alfredo Ernest Novak, C.SS.R. †	Priest of Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer	Bishop Emeritus of Paranaguá, Parana, Brazil
4 Jul		Born	Julito Buhisan Cortes		Bishop of Dumaguete, Philippines
48.0	Appointed	André-Pierre Duirat, S.M.A. †	Bishop of Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire	Bishop Emeritus
55.9	Appointed	Jean Marie Etrillard, S.M.A. †	Bishop of Gagnoa, Côte d’Ivoire	Bishop Emeritus
49.6	Appointed	Jérôme-Théodore Lingenheim, S.M.A. †	Bishop of Sokodé, Togo	Bishop Emeritus
51.0	Appointed	Edward Aloysius McGurkin, M.M. †	Bishop of Shinyanga, Tanzania	Bishop Emeritus
38.6	Appointed	Pierre-Eugène Rouanet, S.M.A. †	Bishop of Daloa, Côte d’Ivoire	Bishop Emeritus
51.4	Appointed	David Maryanayagam Swamidoss Pillat, S.D.B. †	Bishop of Vellore, India
5 Jul		Born	Juan Ignacio González Errázuriz		Bishop of San Bernardo, Chile
6 Jul	41.3	Appointed	Adolph Marx †	Auxiliary Bishop of Corpus Christi, Texas, USA	Bishop of Brownsville, Texas, USA
41.3	Appointed	Adolph Marx †	Titular Bishop of Citrus	Bishop of Brownsville, Texas, USA
	Born	Yosyf Milan, M.S.U.		Auxiliary Bishop of Kyiv-Halyč {Kiev} (Ukrainian), Ukraine
8 Jul	26.6	Ordained Priest	John (Jack) Brewer †	Priest of Shrewsbury, England, Great Britain	Bishop of Lancaster, England, Great Britain
24.1	Ordained Priest	John Jerome Cunneen †	Priest of Christchurch, New Zealand	Bishop Emeritus
50.7	Ordained Bishop	Argimiro Alvaro García Rodríguez, O.F.M. Cap. †	Titular Bishop of Coropissus	Vicar Apostolic Emeritus of Tucupita, Venezuela
28.5	Ordained Priest	Bruno Kouamé	Priest	Bishop Emeritus of Abengourou, Côte d’Ivoire
26.1	Ordained Priest	Paolo Lunardon, O.S.B. †	Priest of Order of Saint Benedict	Abbot Emeritus of San Paolo fuori le Mura, Italy
25.8	Ordained Priest	Michael Mary O’Shea, O.S.M. †	Priest of Order of Friar Servants of Mary	Vicar Apostolic of Ingwavuma, South Africa
23.8	Ordained Priest	Pedro Rubiano Sàenz	Priest of Cali, Colombia	Cardinal, Archbishop Emeritus of Bogotá, Colombia
42.6	Appointed	José Vázquez Díaz, O. de M. †	Coadjutor Prelate of Bom Jesus do Piauí, Piaui, Brazil	Bishop Emeritus of Bom Jesus do Gurguéia, Piaui, Brazil
42.6	Appointed	José Vázquez Díaz, O. de M. †	Titular Bishop of Usula	Bishop Emeritus of Bom Jesus do Gurguéia, Piaui, Brazil
39.3	Ordained Bishop	Dieudonné Yougbaré †	Bishop of Koupéla, Burkina Faso	Bishop Emeritus
9 Jul		Born	François-Xavier Yombandje		Bishop Emeritus of Bossangoa, Central African Republic
11 Jul	74.5	Resigned	Raimundo María Julián Manguán-Martín y Delgado, O.P. †	Apostolic Administrator of El Petén, Guatemala	Bishop Emeritus of Verapaz, Cobán, Guatemala
	Appointed	Gabriel Viñamata Castelsagué, I.E.M.E. †	Apostolic Administrator of El Petén, Guatemala
13 Jul		Born	Buenaventura Malayo Famadico		Bishop of San Pablo, Philippines
55.8	Appointed	Lawrence Alexander Glenn †	Auxiliary Bishop of Duluth, Minnesota, USA	Bishop Emeritus of Crookston, Minnesota, USA
55.8	Appointed	Lawrence Alexander Glenn †	Titular Bishop of Tuscamia	Bishop Emeritus of Crookston, Minnesota, USA
69.8	Appointed	Joseph Godehard Machens †	Archbishop (Personal Title) of Hildesheim, Germany	Bishop
33.1	Ordained Priest	Manuel Prado Perez-Rosas, S.J. †	Priest of Society of Jesus	Archbishop Emeritus of Trujillo, Peru
14 Jul		Born	Franz Lackner, O.F.M.		Archbishop of Salzburg, Austria
15 Jul		Born	Juan de la Cruz Barros Madrid		Bishop Emeritus of Osorno, Chile
23.0	Ordained Priest	Francesco De Nittis †	Priest	Apostolic Nuncio Emeritus to Uruguay
28.3	Ordained Priest	Georg Eder †	Priest of Salzburg, Austria	Archbishop Emeritus
24.5	Ordained Priest	Cipriano García Fernández, O.S.A.	Priest of Order of St. Augustine	Prelate Emeritus of Cafayate, Argentina
24.8	Ordained Priest	Oscar Hugh Lipscomb	Priest of Mobile-Birmingham, Alabama, USA	Archbishop Emeritus of Mobile, Alabama, USA
25.2	Ordained Priest	Sergio Sebastiani	Priest	Cardinal, President Emeritus of the Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See
38.7	Ordained Bishop	Francisco de Borja Valenzuela Ríos †	Titular Bishop of Aegeae	Bishop Emeritus of Valparaíso, Chile
16 Jul	54.3	Appointed	André-Jacques Fougerat †	Coadjutor Bishop of Grenoble, France	Bishop Emeritus
54.3	Appointed	André-Jacques Fougerat †	Titular Bishop of Caesarea in Mauretania	Bishop Emeritus of Grenoble, France
17 Jul	54.7	Appointed	Francis Edward Hyland †	Bishop of Atlanta, Georgia, USA	Bishop Emeritus
	Born	Léon Kalenga Badikebele		Apostolic Nuncio to Argentina
	Born	Michael George Mabuga Msonganzila		Bishop of Musoma, Tanzania
18 Jul	55.6	Appointed	John Farmer Healy †	Bishop of Gibraltar
	Born	Enrico Solmi		Bishop of Parma (-Fontevivo), Italy
	Born	Camillus Raymond Umoh		Bishop of Ikot Ekpene, Nigeria
20 Jul	41.1	Appointed	Stephen John Kocisko †	Auxiliary Bishop of Pittsburgh (Ruthenian), Pennsylvania, USA	Archbishop Emeritus of Pittsburgh (Ruthenian), Pennsylvania, USA
41.1	Appointed	Stephen John Kocisko †	Titular Bishop of Theveste	Archbishop Emeritus of Pittsburgh (Ruthenian), Pennsylvania, USA
44.3	Appointed	Joseph Parecattil †	Archbishop of Ernakulam (Syro-Malabar), India	Cardinal, Archbishop Emeritus
43.9	Appointed	Joseph Michael Schmondiuk †	Auxiliary Bishop of United States of America (Ukrainian), Pennsylvania	Archbishop of Philadelphia (Ukrainian), Pennsylvania, USA
43.9	Appointed	Joseph Michael Schmondiuk †	Titular Bishop of Zeugma in Syria	Archbishop of Philadelphia (Ukrainian), Pennsylvania, USA
53.4	Appointed	Ambrozij Andrew Senyshyn, O.S.B.M. †	Apostolic Exarch of Stamford (Ukrainian), USA	Archbishop of Philadelphia (Ukrainian), Pennsylvania, USA
21 Jul	27.0	Ordained Priest	Léon Lesambo Ndamwize	Priest of Inongo, Congo (Dem. Rep.)	Bishop Emeritus of Inongo, Congo (Dem. Rep.)
27.9	Ordained Priest	Geoffrey Francis Mayne †	Priest of Sydney, Australia	Bishop Emeritus of Australia, Military
22 Jul		Born	Basilio Athai		Archbishop of Taunggyi, Myanmar
25.6	Ordained Priest	Ronald Austin Mulkearns †	Priest of Melbourne, Australia	Bishop Emeritus of Ballarat, Australia
37.7	Appointed	Hugo Eduardo Polanco Brito †	Bishop of Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic	Bishop Emeritus of Nuestra Señora de la Altagracia en Higüey, Dominican Republic
47.5	Appointed	Tomás Francisco Reilly, C.SS.R. †	Prelate of San Juan de la Maguana, Dominican Republic	Bishop Emeritus of San Juan de la Maguana, Dominican Republic
47.5	Appointed	Tomás Francisco Reilly, C.SS.R. †	Titular Bishop of Themisonium	Bishop Emeritus of San Juan de la Maguana, Dominican Republic
24 Jul		Born	Jorge Anibal Quintero Chacón		Bishop of Barcelona, Venezuela
25 Jul	51.9	Ordained Bishop	John Joseph Carberry †	Titular Bishop of Elis	Cardinal, Archbishop Emeritus of Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
27 Jul	28.6	Ordained Priest	Raymond Razakarinvony	Priest	Bishop Emeritus of Miarinarivo, Madagascar
28 Jul	46.4	Appointed	Bernardo Leonardo Fey Schneider, C.SS.R. †	Coadjutor Bishop of Potosí, Bolivia	Bishop Emeritus
45.2	Appointed	Jorge Manrique Hurtado †	Bishop of Oruro, Bolivia	Archbishop Emeritus of La Paz, Bolivia
88.4	Died	Bernard Cornelius O’Riley †	Vicar Apostolic Emeritus of Cape of Good Hope, Western District {Capo di Buona Speranza, Distretto Occidentale}, South Africa
34.8	Ordained Priest	Victor Razafimahatratra, S.J. †	Priest of Society of Jesus	Cardinal, Archbishop of Antananarivo, Madagascar
41.5	Appointed	Luis Aníbal Rodríguez Pardo †	Coadjutor Bishop of Cochabamba, Bolivia	Archbishop Emeritus of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
41.5	Appointed	Luis Aníbal Rodríguez Pardo †	Titular Bishop of Gergis	Archbishop Emeritus of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
29 Jul	39.9	Ordained Bishop	Fiorenzo Angelini †	Titular Bishop of Messene	Cardinal, President Emeritus of the Pontifical Council for Pastoral Assistance to Health Care Workers
52.0	Appointed	Matthew Kavukattu †	Archbishop of Changanacherry (Syro-Malabar), India
	Born	Jorge Alberto Ossa Soto		Bishop of Santa Rosa de Osos, Colombia
	Born	Gilberto Pastana de Oliveira		Bishop of Crato, Ceara, Brazil
52.6	Appointed	Matthew Pothanamuzhi †	Bishop of Kothamangalam (Syro-Malabar), India	Bishop Emeritus
	Born	José Soares Filho, O.F.M. Cap.		Bishop Emeritus of Carolina, Maranhão, Brazil
27.3	Ordained Priest	Leo Joseph White †	Priest of Order of Friars Minor Capuchin	Prefect Emeritus of Garissa, Kenya
30 Jul	39.3	Appointed	José Pedro da Silva †	Auxiliary Bishop of Lisboa {Lisbon}, Portugal	Bishop Emeritus of Viseu, Portugal
39.3	Appointed	José Pedro da Silva †	Titular Bishop of Thiava	Bishop Emeritus of Viseu, Portugal
	Born	Georg Gänswein		Prefect of the Prefecture of the Papal Household
31 Jul		Appointed	Luís Eduardo García Rodríguez, M.X.Y. †	Prefect of Arauca, Colombia	Prefect Emeritus
81.5	Died	John Francis Noll †	Bishop of Fort Wayne, Indiana, USA
79.2	Died	Ferdinand Stanislaus Pawlikowski †	Bishop Emeritus of Seckau, Austria
	Appointed	Emiliano Pied, S.M.M. †	Prefect of Vichada, Colombia
	Born	Ricardo Orlando Seirutti García		Auxiliary Bishop of Córdoba, Argentina
1 Aug	79.5	Died	José de Haas, O.F.M. †	Bishop of Araçuaí (Arassuaí), Minas Gerais, Brazil
2 Aug	51.3	Appointed	Francis-Albert Bougon †	Bishop of Moulins, France	Bishop Emeritus
37.3	Appointed	José Alí Lebrún Moratinos †	Auxiliary Bishop of Maracaibo, Venezuela	Cardinal, Archbishop Emeritus of Caracas, Santiago de Venezuela
37.3	Appointed	José Alí Lebrún Moratinos †	Titular Bishop of Aradus	Cardinal, Archbishop Emeritus of Caracas, Santiago de Venezuela
	Born	Josep Ángel Sáiz Meneses		Bishop of Terrassa, Spain
3 Aug	52.3	Appointed	Dante Battaglierin, S.X. †	Bishop of Khulna, Bangladesh	Bishop Emeritus
55.9	Appointed	Hubert James Cartwright †	Coadjutor Bishop of Wilmington, Delaware, USA
55.9	Appointed	Hubert James Cartwright †	Titular Bishop of Neve (Nebo)	Coadjutor Bishop of Wilmington, Delaware, USA
42.8	Appointed	Ismaele Mario Castellano, O.P. †	Titular Archbishop of Colossae	Archbishop Emeritus of Siena-Colle di Val d’Elsa-Montalcino, Italy
42.8	Resigned	Ismaele Mario Castellano, O.P. †	Bishop of Volterra, Italy	Archbishop Emeritus of Siena-Colle di Val d’Elsa-Montalcino, Italy
78.7	Appointed	Antonio Giordani †	Titular Archbishop of Larissa in Thessalia
51.3	Appointed	Joseph Streidt †	Auxiliary Bishop of Wien {Vienna}, Austria
51.3	Appointed	Joseph Streidt †	Titular Bishop of Macri	Auxiliary Bishop of Wien {Vienna}, Austria
4 Aug	46.4	Appointed	José Bezerra Coutinho †	Auxiliary Bishop of Sobral, Ceara, Brazil	Bishop Emeritus of Estância, Sergipe, Brazil
46.4	Appointed	José Bezerra Coutinho †	Titular Bishop of Uthina	Bishop Emeritus of Estância, Sergipe, Brazil
75.6	Died	Edouard-Gabriel Mesguen †	Bishop of Poitiers, France
54.2	Succeeded	Henri-Louis-Toussaint Vion †	Bishop of Poitiers, France	Bishop Emeritus
5 Aug	78.8	Died	Wilhelm Stockums †	Auxiliary Bishop of Köln {Cologne}, Germany
6 Aug	50.4	Appointed	John William Comber, M.M. †	Superior General of Catholic Foreign Mission Society of America	Superior General Emeritus
62.5	Resigned	Raymond Aloysius Lane, M.M. †	Superior General of Catholic Foreign Mission Society of America	Superior General Emeritus
7 Aug	44.2	Appointed	Celestin Bezmalinovic, O.P. †	Auxiliary Bishop of Hvar (-Brac e Vis), Croatia	Bishop Emeritus
44.2	Appointed	Celestin Bezmalinovic, O.P. †	Titular Bishop of Hadrumetum	Bishop Emeritus of Hvar (-Brac e Vis), Croatia
	Born	Benyamin Yosef Bria †		Bishop of Denpasar, Indonesia
9 Aug	50.4	Appointed	Paul-Joseph Hoffer, S. M. †	Superior General of Society of Mary	Superior General Emeritus
42.4	Appointed	Pierre Kimbondo †	Auxiliary Bishop of Kisantu, Congo (Dem. Rep.)	Bishop Emeritus of Kisantu, Congo (Dem. Rep.)
42.4	Appointed	Pierre Kimbondo †	Titular Bishop of Sebela	Bishop Emeritus of Kisantu, Congo (Dem. Rep.)
31.2	Ordained Priest	François Xavier Nguyên Quang Sách †	Priest	Bishop Emeritus of Ðà Nẵng, Viet Nam
10 Aug	33.0	Ordained Priest	Philip Ekka, S.J. †	Priest of Society of Jesus	Bishop Emeritus of Raipur, India
	Born	Antoine Henry Pierre Marie Hérouard		Auxiliary Bishop of Lille, France
	Born	Selvister Ponnumuthan		Bishop of Punalur, India
11 Aug	68.0	Appointed	Enrique Delgado y Gómez †	Archbishop of Pamplona (-Tudela), Spain	Archbishop Emeritus
44.4	Appointed	Mario Di Lieto †	Auxiliary Bishop of Ascoli Satriano e Cerignola, Italy	Bishop Emeritus of Cerignola-Ascoli Satriano, Italy
44.4	Appointed	Mario Di Lieto †	Titular Bishop of Hirina	Bishop Emeritus of Cerignola-Ascoli Satriano, Italy
12 Aug		Born	Valter Dario Maggi		Bishop Emeritus of Ibarra, Ecuador
67.2	Died	Joseph-Paul Futy, M.S. †	Vicar Apostolic Emeritus of Antsirabé, Madagascar
23.6	Ordained Priest	Tarcisio Giovanni Nazzaro, O.S.B. †	Priest of Order of Saint Benedict	Abbot Emeritus of Montevergine, Italy
44.7	Ordained Bishop	Adolfo Servando Tortolo †	Titular Bishop of Caeciri	Archbishop Emeritus of Paraná, Argentina
13 Aug	69.7	Died	José Selva e Amaral, S.D.B. †	Prelate of Registro do Araguaia, Brazil
14 Aug	69.9	Died	Joseph Godehard Machens †	Bishop of Hildesheim, Germany
15 Aug	40.1	Ordained Bishop	Adalberto Almeida y Merino †	Bishop of Tulancingo, Hidalgo, México	Archbishop Emeritus of Chihuahua, México
18.2	Professed	Aquilino Bocos Merino, C.M.F.	Member of Missionary Sons of the Immaculate Heart of Mary	Cardinal, Superior General Emeritus
22.9	Solemn Vows	Vartan Kechichian, C.A.M. †	Member of Congregazione Mechitarista di Venezia	Coadjutor Ordinary Emeritus of Eastern Europe {Europa Orientale} (Armenian)
27.9	Ordained Priest	John Liu Shingong (Shigong) †	Priest	Bishop of Jining [Tsining], China
46.6	Ordained Bishop	Ramón J. Lizardi †	Titular Bishop of Assava	Auxiliary Bishop of Caracas, Santiago de Venezuela
29.0	Ordained Priest	Hans Ludvig Martensen, S.J. †	Priest of Society of Jesus	Bishop Emeritus of København {Copenhagen}, Denmark
19.1	Professed	André Richard, C.S.C.	Member of Congregation of Holy Cross	Archbishop Emeritus of Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
16 Aug	18.1	First Vows	Angelo Amato, S.D.B.	Member of Salesians of Saint John Bosco	Cardinal, Prefect Emeritus of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints
17 Aug		Born	László Varga		Bishop of Kaposvár, Hungary
18 Aug		Born	Godfrey Igwebuike Onah		Bishop of Nsukka, Nigeria
	Born	Ángel Javier Pérez Pueyo		Bishop of Barbastro-Monzón, Spain
	Born	José Rojas Rojas, Jr.		Bishop of Libmanan, Philippines
43.3	Appointed	Rafael Valladares y Argumedo †	Auxiliary Bishop of San Salvador, El Salvador
43.3	Appointed	Rafael Valladares y Argumedo †	Titular Bishop of Curubis	Auxiliary Bishop of San Salvador, El Salvador
	Born	Rainer Maria Woelki		Cardinal, Archbishop of Köln {Cologne}, Germany
19 Aug	57.4	Died	Bernard William Griffin †	Cardinal, Archbishop of Westminster, England, Great Britain
20 Aug	43.5	Appointed	Henry Charles Byrne, S.S.C.M.E. †	Prelate of Iba, Philippines	Bishop Emeritus of Iba, Philippines
43.5	Appointed	Henry Charles Byrne, S.S.C.M.E. †	Titular Bishop of Lamia	Bishop Emeritus of Iba, Philippines
43.7	Appointed	Odilo Etspueler, S.V.D. †	Prelate of Bangued, Philippines	Bishop Emeritus of Bangued, Philippines
43.7	Appointed	Odilo Etspueler, S.V.D. †	Titular Bishop of Fata	Bishop Emeritus of Bangued, Philippines
	Born	Manuel Nin, O.S.B.		Apostolic Exarch of Greece (Greek)
44.0	Appointed	Juan Callanta Sison †	Coadjutor Archbishop of Nueva Segovia, Philippines	Archbishop
44.0	Appointed	Juan Callanta Sison †	Titular Archbishop of Nicopsis	Archbishop of Nueva Segovia, Philippines
21 Aug	83.4	Appointed	Giovanni Iacono †	Titular Archbishop of Mocissus	Bishop Emeritus of Caltanissetta, Italy
83.4	Retired	Giovanni Iacono †	Bishop of Caltanissetta, Italy	Bishop Emeritus
65.2	Died	Wilhelm Weskamm †	Bishop of Berlin, Germany
22 Aug	52.0	Installed	John Joseph Carberry †	Coadjutor Bishop of Lafayette in Indiana, USA	Cardinal, Archbishop Emeritus of Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
54.2	Ordained Bishop	Jesús Serrano Pastor, C.M.F. †	Titular Bishop of Hypselis	Vicar Apostolic Emeritus of Darién, Panama
24 Aug	47.8	Ordained Bishop	Carlos María Cafferata †	Titular Bishop of Chersonesus in Europa	Bishop of San Luis, Argentina
48.6	Appointed	John Patrick Cody †	Coadjutor Bishop of Kansas City-Saint Joseph, Missouri, USA	Cardinal, Archbishop of Chicago, Illinois, USA
48.4	Appointed	Charles Herman Helmsing †	Bishop of Springfield-Cape Girardeau, Missouri, USA	Bishop Emeritus of Kansas City-Saint Joseph, Missouri, USA
54.3	Ordained Bishop	Roger André Marcel Johan †	Bishop of Agen, France	Bishop Emeritus
72.7	Appointed	Charles Hubert Le Blond †	Titular Bishop of Orcistus	Bishop Emeritus of Saint Joseph, Missouri, USA
72.7	Resigned	Charles Hubert Le Blond †	Bishop of Saint Joseph, Missouri, USA	Bishop Emeritus
51.9	Appointed	Joseph Mary Marling, C.Pp.S. †	Bishop of Jefferson City, Missouri, USA	Bishop Emeritus
74.9	Appointed	Edwin Vincent O’Hara †	Archbishop (Personal Title) of Kansas City-Saint Joseph, Missouri, USA	Bishop
45.1	Ordained Bishop	Francisco Juan Vénnera †	Titular Bishop of Abitinae	Bishop Emeritus of San Nicolás de los Arroyos, Argentina
25 Aug		Born	Augustine Obiora Akubeze		Archbishop of Benin City, Nigeria
	Born	Robert Brahm		Auxiliary Bishop of Trier, Germany
26 Aug		Born	Peter Joseph Hundt		Archbishop of Saint John’s, Newfoundland, Canada
24.4	Ordained Priest	Arthur Luysterman	Priest of Gent {Ghent, Gand}, Belgium	Bishop Emeritus
29.0	Ordained Priest	Albert Joseph Tsiahoana †	Priest of Diégo-Suarez, Madagascar	Archbishop Emeritus of Antsiranana, Madagascar
28 Aug	43.2	Ordained Bishop	Philip Matthew Hannan †	Titular Bishop of Hieropolis	Archbishop Emeritus of New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
	Born	Fidelis Rakotonarivo, S.J.		Bishop of Ambositra, Madagascar
29 Aug	48.0	Installed	James Joseph Byrne †	Bishop of Boise City, Idaho, USA	Archbishop Emeritus of Dubuque, Iowa, USA
	Born	Román Casanova Casanova		Bishop of Vic, Spain
30 Aug	16.2	Professed	Wilhelm Emil Egger, O.F.M. Cap. †	Member of Order of Friars Minor Capuchin	Bishop of Bolzano-Bressanone {Bozen-Brixen}, Italy
89.3	Died	Paul-Marie-Joseph Julliotte, SS.CC. †	Prefect Emeritus of Hainan [Hainan], China
31 Aug	85.8	Died	James J. Roche †	Bishop of Cloyne, Ireland
	Born	Julius Sullan Tonel		Bishop of Ipil, Philippines

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